抚河中下游流域缺水情况及典型年研究

抚河水量支撑着抚河流域的用水安全,尤其是人口密集、工农业较为发达的抚河中下游流域。通过对水文资料以及其他资料的整理分析,当前抚河中下游流域的缺水干旱呈现以下情况:近10 a来的降雨量有所偏少,干旱缺水频发;年内枯水期和后汛期(农业用水高峰期)均出现缺水问题;持续的社会发展使得对用水的需求保持高位,水资源供需问题不容乐观;年内最低水位下降的现象反映缺水干旱问题有所加重;流域内水利工程调节能力有所提高,但仍显不足。另外,对缺水期抚河径流量和降雨量进行频率分析,分别得出了频率曲线和典型年,2种方法得出的规律较为一致,因土壤前期含水量差异的原因,部分典型年有所差异。     

Coupled Hydrological/Hydraulic Modelling of River Restoration Impacts and Floodplain Hydrodynamics

Channelization and embankment of rivers has led to major ecological degradation of aquatic habitats worldwide. River restoration can be used to restore favourable hydrological conditions for target species or processes. However, the effects of river restoration on hydraulic and hydrological processes are complex and are often difficult to determine because of the long‐term monitoring required before and after restoration works. Our study is based on rarely available, detailed pre‐restoration and post‐restoration hydrological data collected from a wet grassland meadow in Norfolk, UK, and provides important insights into the hydrological effects of river restoration. Groundwater hydrology and climate were monitored from 2007 to 2010. Based on our data, we developed coupled hydrological/hydraulic models of pre‐embankment and post‐embankment conditions using the MIKE‐SHE/MIKE 11 system. Simulated groundwater levels compared well with observed groundwater. Removal of the river embankments resulted in widespread floodplain inundation at high river flows (>1.7 m³ s^?1) and frequent localized flooding at the river edge during smaller events (>0.6 m³ s^?1). Subsequently, groundwater levels were higher and subsurface storage was greater. The restoration had a moderate effect on flood peak attenuation and improved free drainage to the river. Our results suggest that embankment removal can increase river–floodplain hydrological connectivity to form a more natural wetland ecotone, driven by frequent localized flood disturbance. This has important implications for the planning and management of river restoration projects that aim to enhance floodwater storage, floodplain species composition and biogeochemical cycling of nutrients. © 2016 The Authors. River Research and Applications Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Future bottlenecks in international river basins: where transboundary institutions,population growth and hydrological variability intersect

Using global data, this article examines the nexus of transboundary flood events and future social vulnerability. Which international river basins are forecast to experience an increase in both hydrological variability and population in the future, but currently lack institutional provisions to deal with these shared events? Concentrations of elevated risk are found in several basins in Central Asia, Central America and Central Africa. The article ends by highlighting transboundary basins that merit further investigation and possibly additional institution building to reduce urban flood risk.     

Benford法则在水文数据质量挖掘中的应用研究

为识别和改进数据中存在的质量问题,采用Benford法则进行数据质量挖掘分析,该方法通过分析数字分布规律来检测数据的合理性,达到控制数据质量的目的.以水文数据中降水量数据为样本验证方法的有效性.实验结果表明,该方法能有效识别数据集中存在异常信息,提高了水文数据的数据质量,具有一定的应用前景.     

电子水尺在水文站中的应用

水位自计有多种形式,主要有:需要建设水位观测井的浮子式水位仪、无需建井的压力式水位计、超声波式水位计和接触式的电子水尺等。为比较各种方式的应用特点,在河北保定都衙水文站使用电子水尺,利用水文信息公共数据平台进行水位观测,通过资料分析和使用情况的比较,再结合自主编制的后台应用程序使用,感觉效果很好。文章阐述了仪器的性能及其应用特点。     

虚拟环境中基于多叉树的降雨时空分布等值线填充算法研究

提出了在流域三维虚拟仿真场景中绘制降雨时空分布等值线填充算法。依据边界点序列将得到的开等值线形成封闭多边形,采用改正辛普森面积法完成对所有等值线的同向。根据等值线的性质和射线求交法确定等值线的包含关系,并设计了等值线数据结构体,引入多叉树数据结构对等值线的拓扑关系进行组织。在此基础上,针对等值线的层数设计其对应的颜色条带,由等值线多叉树关系选择等值线填充颜色,从而完成等值线图的填充绘制,解决了三维仿真系统中任意比例尺、属性值间隔和边界情况下等值线的矢量快速填充的问题。最后将该算法运用到长江上游实测降雨过程的可视化研究中,验证了提出方法的实用性和可行性。     

水文自动测报技术在城市防汛中的应用分析

在城市防汛中应用水文自动测报技术,可全面收集防汛数据信息,进行高效的处理,分析可行性的决策,从而全面发布决策信息等。信息接收处理中心和监测站是水文自动测报系统的重要组成部分,全方位监测各个监测站点。相关部门通过采取水文监测系统,可实现规范的防洪信息处理方式,切实提高城市防汛能力。     

Integrating hydrological modelling,data assimilation and cloud computing for real-time management of water resources

Online data acquisition, data assimilation and integrated hydrological modelling have become more and more important in hydrological science. In this study, we explore cloud computing for integrating field data acquisition and stochastic, physically-based hydrological modelling in a data assimilation and optimisation framework as a service to water resources management. For this purpose, we developed an ensemble Kalman filter-based data assimilation system for the fully-coupled, physically-based hydrological model HydroGeoSphere, which is able to run in a cloud computing environment. A synthetic data assimilation experiment based on the widely used tilted V-catchment problem showed that the computational overhead for the application of the data assimilation platform in a cloud computing environment is minimal, which makes it well-suited for practical water management problems. Advantages of the cloud-based implementation comprise the independence from computational infrastructure and the straightforward integration of cloud-based observation databases with the modelling and data assimilation platform.     

地浸采铀及地浸矿床的条件与评价

主要介绍了地浸采铀的含义及其发展历史,并对地浸矿床的条件进行详细分析,提出地浸矿床评价的三项原则.     

Assessing the risk of climate change for buildings: A comparison between multi-year and probabilistic reference year simulations

Given a changing climate, there is a need to provide data for future years so that practicing engineers can investigate the impact of climate change on particular designs and examine any risk the client might be exposed to. In addition, such files are of use to building scientists in developing generic solutions to problems such as elevated internal temperatures and poor thermal comfort. With the release of the UK Climate Projections (UKCP09) [1], and the publication of a methodology for the creation of probabilistic future reference years using the UKCP09 weather generator [2], it is possible to model future building performance. However, the collapse of the distribution of possibilities inherent in the UKCP09 method into a single reference year or a small number of reference years, potentially means the loss of most of the information about the potential range of the response of the building and of the risk occupants might be subject to. In this paper we model for the first time the internal conditions and energy use of a building with all 3000 example years produced by the UKCP09 weather generator in an attempt to study the full range of response and risk. The resultant histograms and cumulative distribution functions are then used to examine whether single reference years can be used to answer questions about response and risk under a changing climate, or whether a more probabilistic approach is unavoidable.